Below you will find further external information on externalization. The collection includes scientific publications and podcasts as well as contributions from politics, civil society, and the media.
There is no claim to completeness, and the overview is continuously updated. Please send suggestions through the submit page.
Further resources
Statewatch and migration-control.info Bulletin Series: Outsourcing Borders: Monitoring EU externalisation policy.
Amnesty International (2017). The Human Rights Risks of External Migration Policies.
Crisp, J. (2020). What is Externalization and Why is it a Threat to Refugees?
Dehm, S., Loughnan, C., O’Donnell, S., & Silverstein, J. (2022). Comparative Network on Refugee Externalisation Policies. Healthcare and the Health-Related Harms of Australia’s Refugee Externalisation Policies.
European Council, & Council of the European Union (2024). Timeline – EU migration and asylum policy.
Gkliati M. and Kilpatrich J. (2025), Exporting Borders. Frontex and the Expansion of Fortress Europe in West Africa, Transnational Institute, Statewatch.
Legislative Observatory of the European Parliament (2021). Human rights protection and the EU external migration policy – 2020/2116(INI).
Lopez Curzi, C. (2016). The externalisation of European borders: steps and consequences of a dangerous process.
Loughnan, C., & Murray, P. (2022). Comparative Network on Refugee Externalisation Policies. Combatting Corrosive Narratives about Refugees.
Médecins Sans Frontières (2018). Indefinite Despair. The tragic mental health consequences of offshore processing on Nauru.
Nethery, A., & Hirsch, A. (2020). Comparative Network on Refugee Externalisation Policies. Externalisation of Migration Control Policies: An Introduction.
O’Sullivan, M., Dolan-Evans, E., & Walker, S. (2022). Comparative Network on Refugee Externalisation Policies. The Global Compact for Migration.
Save the Children, UNICEF (2016). At What Cost: The human, economic and strategic cost of Australia’s asylum seeker policies and the alternatives.
Sunderland, J. (2024). Human Rights Watch Dispatches. Italy’s Dodgy Detention Deal with Albania. Risks for Asylum Seekers and Rescue Operations Should Prompt EU Action.
UNHCR (2013). Guidance Note on bilateral and/or multilateral transfer arrangements of asylum-seekers.
UNHCR (2021). UNHCR Note on the “Externalization” of International Protection.